General Information

• Tutorial T7: Cross-Modal Music Retrieval and Applications
• Time: Monday, May 12th, 2019
• General Conference Program

Presenters

• Meinard Müller, International Audio Laboratories Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
• Andreas Arzt, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
• Stefan Balke, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria

Description

Background and Scientific Context

There has been a rapid growth of digitally available music data including audio recordings, images of scanned sheet music, album covers, and an increasing number of video clips. In this tutorial, we cover general signal processing and machine learning concepts designed to bridge the gap between these different music representations. In particular, we discuss traditional approaches based on musically motivated features, generalized audio fingerprinting, as well as recent data embedding techniques based on deep learning. These technologies form the building blocks for many exciting music navigation and browsing applications including the classical problem of automated score following.

Aims of the Tutorial

Music not only connects people but also relates to many different research disciplines. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, our aim is to show that music is an attractive, rich, and challenging problem domain that has many things to offer to the signal processing community. Considering cross-modal music retrieval tasks, we demonstrate that these scenarios are well suited to discuss signal processing and machine learning techniques (comparing traditional feature extraction and deep learning approaches). Furthermore, we want to give some examples of fascinating music retrieval applications of academic, educational, and commercial relevance.

Target Audience and Assumed Knowledge

The main goal of this tutorial is to give an exciting and easy-to-understand introduction to music processing appealing to a wide audience in academia and industry. By providing many illustrative audio examples and by working with pictures (rather than with formulas), we will make an effort to convey the main ideas, in particular to non-experts and to researchers who are new to the field of music processing. By doing so, the tutorial should appeal to a wide and interdisciplinary audience working in different fields including signal processing, information retrieval, and machine learning.

Contents Outline

It is our primary goal to give an exciting tutorial that ranges from basic to advanced techniques used in music processing. Our tutorial consists of three one-hour sessions, where we make sure that in each session is enough room for questions and interaction with the audience. To have some variety throughout the tutorial, we will discuss theoretical as well as practical aspects in each of the three sessions. Recent techniques based on deep learning will play a role throughout the tutorial, even though they are mentioned explicitly only in the third session of the following overview.

• 1. Session. General introduction and overview; music representations; sequence-based retrieval and mid-level music representations; shingle-based retrieval; recent approaches and discussion.
• 2. Session. Introduction to score following; music transcription including approaches based on machine learning; symbolic fingerprinting; indexing and efficiency issues; applications/demos.
• 3. Session. General introduction to deep learning approaches in music processing; cross-modal music embedding; data augmentation; recent trends using input attention; final round of questions and discussion.

Material

The tutorial consists of a short introduction and three session. The following links provide the PDFs of the slides and the handouts.

• Overview (Meinard Müller, Andreas Arzt, Stefan Balke)
  Slides (PDF), Handouts (6 slides per page) (PDF)
• Part I: Classical Approaches (Meinard Müller)
  Slides (PDF), Handouts (6 slides per page) (PDF)
• Part II. Fingerprinting Approaches (Andreas Arzt)
  Slides (PDF), Handouts (6 slides per page) (PDF)
• Part III. Machine Learning Approaches (Stefan Balke)
  Slides (PDF), Handouts (6 slides per page) (PDF)

Literature

Main References

Meinard Müller, Andreas Arzt, Stefan Balke, Matthias Dorfer, Gerhard Widmer
Cross-Modal Music Retrieval and Applications: An Overview of Key Methodologies
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(1), 2019, pp. 52-62. Bibtex Details

@article{MuellerABDW19_MusicRetrieval_IEEE-SPM,
author    = {Meinard Müller and Andreas Arzt and Stefan Balke and Matthias Dorfer and Gerhard Widmer},
title     = {Cross-Modal Music Retrieval and Applications: An Overview of Key Methodologies},
journal   = {{IEEE} Signal Processing Magazine},
volume    = {36},
number    = {1},
pages     = {52--62},
year      = {2019},
url       = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2868887},
doi       = {10.1109/MSP.2018.2868887},
url-pdf   = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8588416/}
}

Meinard Müller
Fundamentals of Music Processing — Audio, Analysis, Algorithms, Applications
Springer Verlag, ISBN: 978-3-319-21944-8, 2015. Bibtex Details

@book{Mueller15_FundamentalsMusicProcessig_SPRINGER,
author    = {Meinard M\"{u}ller},
title     = {Fundamentals of Music Processing -- Audio, Analysis, Algorithms, Applications},
type      = {Monograph},
year      = {2015},
isbn      = {978-3-319-21944-8},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
url-details={http://www.music-processing.de}
}

Further References

1. Andreas Arzt, Gerhard Widmer, and Reinhard Sonnleitner
   Tem­po- and Transposition-invariant Identification of Piece and Score Position
   In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): 549—554, 2014. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{ArztWS14_TempoTranspInvariantIdent_ISMIR,
    address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
    author = {Andreas Arzt and Gerhard Widmer and Reinhard Sonnleitner},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
    pages = {549--554},
    title = {Tem­po- and Transposition-invariant Identification of Piece and Score Position},
    year = {2014}
   }
   
   

2. Andreas Arzt, Harald Frostel, Thassilo Gadermaier, Martin Gas­ser, Maarten Grachten, and Gerhard Widmer
   Artificial Intelligence in the Concertgebouw
   In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI): 2424—2430, 2015. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{arzt:ijcai:2015,
    address = {Buenos Aires, Argentina},
    author = {Andreas Arzt and Harald Frostel and Thassilo Gadermaier and Martin Gas­ser and Maarten Grachten and Gerhard Widmer},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)},
    pages = {2424--2430},
    title = {Artificial Intelligence in the Concertgebouw},
    year = {2015}
   }
   
   

3. Andreas Arzt, Sebastian Böck, Sebastian Flossmann, Harald Frostel, Martin Gasser, Cynthia Liem, and Gerhard Widmer
   The Piano Music Companion
   In Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence: 1221—1222, 2014. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{ArztBFFGLW14_MusicCompanion_ECAI,
    acmid = {3006927},
    address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
    author = {Andreas Arzt and Sebastian Böck and Sebastian Flossmann and Harald Frostel and Martin Gasser and Cynthia C. S. Liem and Gerhard Widmer},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
    doi = {10.3233/978-1-61499-419-0-1221},
    pages = {1221--1222},
    title = {The Piano Music Companion},
    year = {2014}
   }
   
   

4. Andreas Arzt, Sebastian Böck, and Gerhard Widmer
   Fast Identification of Piece and Score Position via Symbolic Fingerprinting
   In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): 433—438, 2012. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{ArztBW12_SymbolicFingerprint_ISMIR,
    address = {Porto, Portugal},
    author = {Andreas Arzt and Sebastian Böck and Gerhard Widmer},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
    pages = {433--438},
    title = {Fast Identification of Piece and Score Position via Symbolic Fingerprinting},
    year = {2012}
   }
   
   

5. Andreas Arzt, Gerhard Widmer, and Simon Dixon
   Automatic Page Turning for Musicians via Real-Time Machine Listening
   In Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI): 241—245, 2008. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{arzt:ecai:2008,
    address = {Patras, Greece},
    author = {Andreas Arzt and Gerhard Widmer and Simon Dixon},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)},
    date-modified = {2016-11-14 13:21:41 +0000},
    pages = {241--245},
    title = {Automatic Page Turning for Musicians via Real-Time Machine Listening},
    year = {2008}
   }
   
   

6. Stefan Balke, Vlora Arifi-Müller, Lukas Lamprecht, and Meinard Müller
   Retrieving Audio Recordings Using Musical Themes
   In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 281—285, 2016. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{BalkeALM16_BarlowRetrieval_ICASSP,
    address = {Shanghai, China},
    author = {Stefan Balke and Vlora Arifi-Müller and Lukas Lamprecht and Meinard Müller},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    month = {March},
    pages = {281--285},
    title = {Retrieving Audio Recordings Using Musical Themes},
    year = {2016}
   }
   
   

7. Stefan Balke, Christian Dittmar, Jakob Abeßer, and Meinard Müller
   Data-Driven Solo Voice Enhancement for Jazz Music Retrieval
   In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 196—200, 2017. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{BalkeDAM17_SoloVoiceEnhancement_ICASSP,
    author = {Stefan Balke and Christian Dittmar and Jakob Abeßer and Meinard Müller},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    location = {New Orleans, USA},
    pages = {196--200},
    title = {Data-Driven Solo Voice Enhancement for Jazz Music Retrieval},
    url-demo = {https://www.audiolabs-erlangen.de/resources/MIR/2017-ICASSP-SoloVoiceEnhancement},
    year = {2017}
   }
   
   

8. Stefan Balke, Sanu Achankunju, and Meinard Müller
   Matching Musical Themes based on Noisy OCR and OMR Input
   In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 703—707, 2015. Bibtex

   @inproceedings{BalkePM15_MatchingMusicalThemes_ICASSP,
    address = {Brisbane, Australia},
    author = {Stefan Balke and Sanu Pulimootil Achankunju and Meinard Müller},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
    pages = {703--707},
    title = {Matching Musical Themes based on Noisy OCR and OMR Input},
    year = {2015}
   }
   
   

9. Harold Barlow and Sam Morgenstern
   A Dictionary of Musical Themes
   Crown Publishers, Inc., 1975. Bibtex

   @book{BarlowM75_MusicalThemes_BOOK,
    author = {Harold Barlow and Sam Morgenstern},
    edition = {Revised edition Third Printing},
    publisher = {Crown Publishers, Inc.},
    title = {A Dictionary of Musical Themes},
    year = {1975}
   }
   
   

10. Sebastian Böck and Markus Schedl
    Polyphonic piano note transcription with recurrent neural networks
    In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 121—124, 2012. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{BoeckS12_TranscriptionRecurrentNetwork_ICASSP,
     address = {Kyoto, Japan},
     author = {Sebastian Böck and Markus Schedl},
     booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
     month = {March},
     pages = {121--124},
     title = {Polyphonic piano note transcription with recurrent neural networks},
     year = {2012}
    }
    
    

11. Rachel Juan J. Bosch and Emilia Gómez
    A Comparison of Melody Extraction Methods Based on Source-Filter Modelling
    In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR): 571—577, 2016. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{BoschBSG16_MelodyExtraction_ISMIR,
     address = {New York City, USA},
     author = {Juan J. Bosch, Rachel M. Bittner, Justin Salamon and Emilia Gómez},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR)},
     pages = {571--577},
     title = {A Comparison of Melody Extraction Methods Based on Source-Filter Modelling},
     year = {2016}
    }
    
    

12. Emmanouil Benetos, Simon Dixon, Zhiyao Duan, and Sebastian Ewert
    Automatic Music Transcription: An Overview
    In IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(1): 20—30, 2019. Bibtex

    @article{DBLP:journals/spm/BenetosDDE19,
     author = {Emmanouil Benetos and Simon Dixon and Zhiyao Duan and Sebastian Ewert},
     bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
     biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/spm/BenetosDDE19},
     doi = {10.1109/MSP.2018.2869928},
     journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
     number = {1},
     pages = {20--30},
     timestamp = {Fri, 18 Jan 2019 23:22:47 +0100},
     title = {Automatic Music Transcription: An Overview},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2869928},
     volume = {36},
     year = {2019}
    }
    
    

13. Emmanouil Benetos, Simon Dixon, Dimitrios Giannoulis, Holger Kirchhoff, and Anssi Klapuri
    Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions
    In Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 41(3): 407—434, 2013. Bibtex

    @article{BenetosDGKK13_MusicTranscription_JIIS,
     author = {Emmanouil Benetos and Simon Dixon and Dimitrios Giannoulis and Holger Kirchhoff and Anssi Klapuri},
     doi = {10.1007/s10844-013-0258-3},
     journal = {Journal of Intelligent Information Systems},
     number = {3},
     pages = {407--434},
     title = {Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions},
     url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10844-013-0258-3},
     volume = {41},
     year = {2013}
    }
    
    

14. Donald Byrd and Jakob Simonsen
    Towards a Standard Testbed for Optical Music Recognition: Definitions, Metrics, and Page Images
    In Journal of New Music Research, 44(3): 169—195, Routledge, 2015. Bibtex

    @article{Byrd2015_OMR_JNMR,
     author = {Donald Byrd and Jakob G. Simonsen},
     doi = {10.1080/09298215.2015.1045424},
     issn = {0929-8215},
     journal = {Journal of New Music Research},
     keywords = {optical music recognition, empirical evaluation, notation, notation complexity},
     number = {3},
     pages = {169--195},
     publisher = {Routledge},
     title = {Towards a Standard Testbed for Optical Music Recognition: Definitions, Metrics, and Page Images},
     volume = {44},
     year = {2015}
    }
    
    

15. Pedro Cano, Eloi Batlle, Ton Kalker, and Jaap Haitsma
    A review of audio fingerprinting
    In The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, 41(3): 271—284, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005. Bibtex

    @article{CanoBKH05_FingerprintingReview_VLSI,
     acmid = {1107829},
     address = {Hingham, Massachusetts, USA},
     author = {Pedro Cano and Eloi Batlle and Ton Kalker and Jaap Haitsma},
     doi = {10.1007/s11265-005-4151-3},
     issn = {0922-5773},
     journal = {The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing},
     month = {November},
     number = {3},
     numpages = {14},
     pages = {271--284},
     publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
     title = {A review of audio fingerprinting},
     url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-005-4151-3},
     volume = {41},
     year = {2005}
    }
    
    

16. Michael Casey, Christophe Rhodes, and Malcolm Slaney
    Analysis of Minimum Distances in High-Dimensional Musical Spaces
    In IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 16(5): 1015—1028, 2008. Bibtex

    @article{CaseyRS08_MinimumDistances_IEEE-TASLP,
     author = {Michael A. Casey and Christophe Rhodes and Malcolm Slaney},
     doi = {10.1109/TASL.2008.925883},
     journal = {IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
     number = {5},
     pages = {1015--1028},
     title = {Analysis of Minimum Distances in High-Dimensional Musical Spaces},
     volume = {16},
     year = {2008}
    }
    
    

17. Tian Cheng, Matthias Mauch, Emmanouil Benetos, and Simon Dixon
    An attack/decay model for piano transcription
    In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): 584—590, 2016. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{ChengMBD16_AttackDecayPianoTranscription_ISMIR,
     address = {New York City, USA},
     author = {Tian Cheng and Matthias Mauch and Emmanouil Benetos and Simon Dixon},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
     pages = {584--590},
     title = {An attack/decay model for piano transcription},
     year = {2016}
    }
    
    

18. Matthias Dorfer, Andreas Arzt, and Gerhard Widmer
    Learning Audio-Sheet Music Correspondences for Score Identification and Offline Alignment
    In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): 115—122, 2017. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{DorferAW17_ScoreIdentification_ISMIR,
     address = {Suzhou, China},
     author = {Matthias Dorfer and Andreas Arzt and Gerhard Widmer},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
     pages = {115--122},
     title = {Learning Audio-Sheet Music Correspondences for Score Identification and Offline Alignment},
     year = {2017}
    }
    
    

19. Matthias Dorfer, Jan Schlüter, Andreu Vall, Filip Korzeniowski, and Gerhard Widmer
    End-to-end cross-modality retrieval with CCA projections and pairwise ranking loss
    In International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval, 7(2): 117—128, 2018. Bibtex

    @article{DorferSVKW18_CCALayer_IJMIR,
     author = {Matthias Dorfer and Jan Schlüter and Andreu Vall and Filip Korzeniowski and Gerhard Widmer},
     day = {01},
     doi = {10.1007/s13735-018-0151-5},
     issn = {2192-662X},
     journal = {International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval},
     month = {Jun},
     number = {2},
     pages = {117--128},
     title = {End-to-end cross-modality retrieval with CCA projections and pairwise ranking loss},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13735-018-0151-5},
     volume = {7},
     year = {2018}
    }
    
    

20. Matthias Dorfer, Jan Hajič, Andreas Arzt, Harald Frostel, and Gerhard Widmer
    Learning Audio--Sheet Music Correspondences for Cross-Modal Retrieval and Piece Identification
    In Transactions of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval, 1(1): Ubiquity Press, 2018. Bibtex

    @article{DorferHAFW18_MSMD_TISMIR,
     author = {Matthias Dorfer and Jan Hajič jr.  and Andreas Arzt and Harald Frostel and Gerhard Widmer},
     journal = {Transactions of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval},
     number = {1},
     publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
     title = {Learning Audio--Sheet Music Correspondences for Cross-Modal Retrieval and Piece Identification},
     volume = {1},
     year = {2018}
    }
    
    

21. Masataka Goto and Roger Dannenberg
    Music Interfaces Based on Automatic Music Signal Analysis: New Ways to Create and Listen to Music
    In IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(1): 74—81, 2019. Bibtex

    @article{DBLP:journals/spm/GotoD19,
     author = {Masataka Goto and Roger B. Dannenberg},
     bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
     biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/spm/GotoD19},
     doi = {10.1109/MSP.2018.2874360},
     journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
     number = {1},
     pages = {74--81},
     timestamp = {Fri, 18 Jan 2019 23:22:47 +0100},
     title = {Music Interfaces Based on Automatic Music Signal Analysis: New Ways to Create and Listen to Music},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2874360},
     volume = {36},
     year = {2019}
    }
    
    

22. Peter Grosche and Meinard Müller
    Toward Characteristic Audio Shingles for Efficient Cross-Version Music Retrieval
    In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 473—476, 2012. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{GroscheM12_RetrievalShingles_ICASSP,
     address = {Kyoto, Japan},
     author = {Peter Grosche and Meinard Müller},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
     pages = {473--476},
     title = {Toward Characteristic Audio Shingles for Efficient Cross-Version Music Retrieval},
     year = {2012}
    }
    
    

23. Curtis Eck
    Onsets and Frames: Dual-Objective Piano Transcription
    In Proceedings of the 19th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, ISMIR 2018, Paris, France, September 23-27, 2018: 50—57, 2018. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{hawthorne:ismir:2018,
     author = {Curtis Hawthorne and
    Erich Elsen and
    Jialin Song and
    Adam Roberts and
    Ian Simon and
    Colin Raffel and
    Jesse Engel and
    Sageev Oore and
    Douglas Eck},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Society for Music Information
    Retrieval Conference, ISMIR 2018, Paris, France, September 23-27,
    2018},
     pages = {50--57},
     title = {Onsets and Frames: Dual-Objective Piano Transcription},
     year = {2018}
    }
    
    

24. Özgür İzmirli and Gyanendra Sharma
    Bridging Printed Music and Audio Through Alignment Using a Mid-level Score Representation
    In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): Bibtex

    @inproceedings{IzmirliS12_BridgingPrintedMusicAudio_ISMIR,
     address = {Porto, Portugal},
     author = {Özgür İzmirli and Gyanendra Sharma},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
     title = {Bridging Printed Music and Audio Through Alignment Using a Mid-level Score Representation}
    }
    
    

25. Rainer Kelz, Sebastian Böck, and Gerhard Widmer
    Deep Polyphonic ADSR Piano Note Transcription
    In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 246-250, 2019. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{kelz:icassp:2019,
     address = {Brighton, United Kingdom},
     author = {Rainer Kelz and Sebastian Böck and Gerhard Widmer},
     booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
     pages = {246-250},
     title = {Deep Polyphonic ADSR Piano Note Transcription},
     year = {2019}
    }
    
    

26. Frank Kurth, Meinard Müller, Christian Fremerey, Yoonha Chang, and Michael Clausen
    Automated Synchronization of Scanned Sheet Music with Audio Recordings
    In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR): 261—266, 2007. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{KurthMFCC07_AutomatedSynchronization_ISMIR,
     address = {Vienna, Austria},
     author = {Frank Kurth and Meinard Müller and Christian Fremerey and Yoonha Chang and Michael Clausen},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR)},
     month = {September},
     pages = {261--266},
     title = {Automated Synchronization of Scanned Sheet Music with Audio Recordings},
     url-pdf = {2007_KurthMuellerFremereyClausen_AutomatedSynchronization_ISMIR.pdf},
     year = {2007}
    }
    
    

27. Meinard Müller
    Information Retrieval for Music and Motion
    Springer Verlag, ISBN: 3540740473, 2007. Bibtex

    @book{Mueller07_InformationRetrieval_SPRINGER,
     author = {Meinard Müller},
     isbn = {3540740473},
     publisher = {Springer Verlag},
     title = {Information Retrieval for Music and Motion},
     type = {Monograph},
     year = {2007}
    }
    
    

28. Meinard Müller
    Fundamentals of Music Processing
    Springer Verlag, ISBN: 978-3-319-21944-8, 2015. Bibtex

    @book{Mueller15_FMP_SPRINGER,
     author = {Meinard Müller},
     isbn = {978-3-319-21944-8},
     publisher = {Springer Verlag},
     title = {Fundamentals of Music Processing},
     type = {Monograph},
     year = {2015}
    }
    
    

29. Meinard Müller, Andreas Arzt, Stefan Balke, Matthias Dorfer, and Gerhard Widmer
    Cross-Modal Music Retrieval and Applications: An Overview of Key Methodologies
    In IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(1): 52—62, 2019. Bibtex

    @article{MuellerABDW19_MusicRetrieval_IEEE-SPM,
     author = {Meinard Müller and Andreas Arzt and Stefan Balke and Matthias Dorfer and Gerhard Widmer},
     doi = {10.1109/MSP.2018.2868887},
     journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
     number = {1},
     pages = {52--62},
     title = {Cross-Modal Music Retrieval and Applications: An Overview of Key Methodologies},
     url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2868887},
     url-pdf = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8588416/},
     volume = {36},
     year = {2019}
    }
    
    

30. Meinard Müller, Frank Kurth, and Michael Clausen
    Audio Matching via Chroma-Based Statistical Features
    In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR): 288—295, 2005. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{MuellerKC05_ChromaFeatures_ISMIR,
     address = {London, UK},
     author = {Meinard Müller and Frank Kurth and Michael Clausen},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR)},
     pages = {288--295},
     title = {Audio Matching via Chroma-Based Statistical Features},
     url-details = {https://www.audiolabs-erlangen.de/resources/MIR/chromatoolbox},
     url-pdf = {2005_MuellerKurthClausen_AudioMatching_ISMIR.pdf},
     year = {2005}
    }
    
    

31. Justin Salamon, Joan Serrà, and Emilia Gómez
    Tonal representations for music retrieval: from version identification to query-by-humming
    In International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval, 2(1): 45—58, 2013. Bibtex

    @article{SalamonSG13_Retrieval_IJMRI,
     author = {Justin Salamon and Joan Serrà and Emilia Gómez},
     bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
     biburl = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/ijmir/SalamonSG13},
     doi = {10.1007/s13735-012-0026-0},
     journal = {International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval},
     number = {1},
     pages = {45--58},
     timestamp = {Fri, 15 Mar 2013 10:07:17 +0100},
     title = {Tonal representations for music retrieval: from version identification to query-by-humming},
     url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13735-012-0026-0},
     volume = {2},
     year = {2013}
    }
    
    

32. Jürgen Schmidhuber
    Deep learning in neural networks: An overview
    In Neural Networks, 61: 85—117, 2015. Bibtex

    @article{Schmidhuber15_DeepLearningOverview_NN,
     author = {Jürgen Schmidhuber},
     doi = {10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003},
     journal = {Neural Networks},
     pages = {85--117},
     title = {Deep learning in neural networks: An overview},
     volume = {61},
     year = {2015}
    }
    
    

33. Joan Serrà, Emilia Gómez, and Perfecto Herrera
    Audio Cover Song Identification and Similarity: Background, Approaches, Evaluation and Beyond
    In Advances in Music Information Retrieval, 274: 307—332, Springer, 2010. Bibtex

    @incollection{SerraGH10_coversong_BOOKCHAP,
     address = {Berlin, Germany},
     author = {Joan Serrà and Emilia Gómez and Perfecto Herrera},
     booktitle = {Advances in Music Information Retrieval},
     chapter = {14},
     editor = {Ras, Z. W. and Wieczorkowska, A. A.},
     pages = {307--332},
     publisher = {Springer},
     series = {Studies in Computational Intelligence},
     title = {Audio Cover Song Identification and Similarity: Background, Approaches, Evaluation and Beyond},
     volume = {274},
     year = {2010}
    }
    
    

34. Siddharth Sigtia, Emmanouil Benetos, and Simon Dixon
    An End-to-End Neural Network for Polyphonic Piano Music Transcription
    In IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 24(5): 927—939, 2016. Bibtex

    @article{SigtiaBD16_DNNPolyPianoTrans_TASLP,
     author = {Siddharth Sigtia and Emmanouil Benetos and Simon Dixon},
     journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
     number = {5},
     pages = {927--939},
     title = {An End-to-End Neural Network for Polyphonic Piano Music Transcription},
     volume = {24},
     year = {2016}
    }
    
    

35. Joren Six and Marc Leman
    Panako - A Scalable Acoustic Fingerprinting System Handling Time-Scale and Pitch Modification
    In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR): 259—264, 2014. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{SixL14_PanakoAcousFP_ISMIR,
     address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
     author = {Joren Six and Marc Leman},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR)},
     pages = {259--264},
     title = {Panako - A Scalable Acoustic Fingerprinting System Handling Time-Scale and Pitch Modification},
     year = {2014}
    }
    
    

36. Reinhard Sonnleitner and Gerhard Widmer
    Robust Quad-Based Audio Fingerprinting
    In IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 24(3): 409—421, 2016. Bibtex

    @article{SonnleitnerW16_QuadFingerp_TASLP,
     author = {Reinhard Sonnleitner and Gerhard Widmer},
     doi = {10.1109/TASLP.2015.2509248},
     journal = {IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
     number = {3},
     pages = {409--421},
     title = {Robust Quad-Based Audio Fingerprinting},
     volume = {24},
     year = {2016}
    }
    
    

37. Avery Wang
    An Industrial Strength Audio Search Algorithm
    In Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR): 7—13, 2003. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{Wang03_Shazam_ISMIR,
     address = {Baltimore, Maryland, USA},
     author = {Avery Wang},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR)},
     pages = {7--13},
     title = {An Industrial Strength Audio Search Algorithm},
     year = {2003}
    }
    
    

38. Frank Zalkow, Stefan Balke, and Meinard Müller
    Evaluating Salience Representations for Cross-Modal Retrieval of Western Classical Music Recordings
    In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP): 2019. Bibtex

    @inproceedings{ZalkowBM19_SalienceRep_ICASSP,
     address = {Brighton, UK},
     author = {Frank Zalkow and Stefan Balke and Meinard Müller},
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
     month = {May},
     title = {Evaluating Salience Representations for Cross-Modal Retrieval of Western Classical Music Recordings},
     year = {2019}
    }